MARS-Amateur Radio Community (M-ARC)

Since ancient times, Mars has been a subject of great scientific curiosity as a planet that potentially harbors life in the future. Today, with rapid advancements in science and technology, humanity is embarking on an exciting journey into the depths of space, focusing on space exploration.

Interplanetary travel and colonization projects are among the magical goals that fuel humanity’s desire to uncover the mysteries of the universe. One of these grand goals, as we all know, is the establishment of a human colony on Mars and creating a second habitable Earth, a concept that has become quite popular in recent years.

In pursuit of the above-mentioned goals, many space agencies, scientists, and engineers are putting in intensive efforts and preparing for the future. But what about amateur radio enthusiasts like us? How prepared are we for this future change?

To be honest, we cannot say that we are very well-prepared. However, amateur radio enthusiasts, with their diverse knowledge and experiences from various professions, can indeed make significant contributions to the Mars colonization project, space travel, and research.

For this reason, the role of amateur radio enthusiasts should not be underestimated in these critical endeavors for the future of humanity. The contributions of amateur radio enthusiasts to science and especially space research have been some of the finest examples.

For example, I recommend reading the story of the first amateur satellite project OSCAR-1, developed in the 1960s despite limited resources. What happened in that story is the reason why amateur radio enthusiasts like us exist in space satellites and space communication today. The latest and most advanced example of amateur satellite work that emerged in the 1960s is the QO-100 satellite, still active in GEO.

Furthermore, despite the presence of advanced communication systems on the International Space Station (ISS):

a. It’s worth noting that there are amateur radio systems in the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) section.

b. Astronauts have amateur radio licenses.

c. Calls for support are still made to amateurs when launching cube and pocket satellites or conducting various scientific space experiments.

d. Amateur radio operators actively participate in some satellite recovery operations.

I think there’s no need to elaborate further on the knowledge, experience, and capabilities of amateur radio enthusiasts.

In this article, we will examine the “MARS-Amateur Radio Community (M-ARC),” which is envisioned as a spark, and the potential contributions of amateur radio enthusiasts to the future Mars colony. The role of amateur radio enthusiasts in future Mars explorations, their importance in colonization projects, potential opportunities in interplanetary communication, which facilities could be used or adapted on Mars, and the types of challenges that may arise are all discussed in detail. Science and the future are blended with a bit of amateur radio and occasional humor.

Before the exciting human journeys to Mars take place, the coming together of volunteer amateur radio enthusiasts through M-ARC could bring humanity one step closer to its goal of exploring the secrets of the universe and experiencing this excitement. After all, it is not the space agencies but us who should start this work now.

Yes, as you’ve noticed, this article is lengthy and in one piece. This is to ensure that the reader can access the topic from a single point. The text has been organized with numbered main headings for ease of reading, and you can continue where you left off whenever you have the time.

Step 1: What is the MARS-Amateur Radio Community (M-ARC)?

Image-1. “The symbolic invitation letter you will receive regarding your participation in M-ARC when you go to Mars.”

The focal point of our article is the “Amateur Radio Community for Mars (M-ARC),” which:

a. Understands the importance of radio communication in the Mars adventure,

b. Represents a community and the initial spark where enthusiastic and passionate amateur radio operators come together,

c. Lays the foundation for amateur radio activities before going to Mars and will be the focal point for such activities on Mars – a non-profit community.

First and foremost, the establishment and management of an amateur radio communication infrastructure in a Mars colony by amateur radio operators who will operate on Mars are undoubtedly a fundamental necessity for the successful operation of a colony.

Similarly, M-ARC can aim to play a critical/backup role in continuing similar amateur radio communication activities during long space journeys to Mars, just as it is done today between the ISS and Earth.

First, let’s assess the current situation. Today, thousands of amateur radio systems on fixed or mobile platforms worldwide collect data in many fields such as meteorology, positioning, observation probes, satellite telemetry monitoring, and radio astronomy.

In this context:

The contribution of amateur radio operators to the Mars colony will be significant not only in the amateur communication infrastructure but also in scientific research and data collection with the amateur equipment and observation tools they will have and/or produce there.

Amateur radio operators’ technical knowledge and equipment will be vital for examining the surface features of Mars, analyzing its atmosphere, and conducting other scientific discoveries.

On this planet with many unknowns yet to be fully explored and with the advent of human life colonies, the basic requirement will rely on observation and data collection at multiple points, as well as human power, in addition to the money, time, and equipment owned by space agencies and nations.

The supportive assistance of amateur radio operators’ unending enthusiasm and research curiosity will also contribute to the successful execution of scientific studies and discoveries aimed at unraveling the mysteries of the planet within this scope.

Furthermore, through M-ARC, inter-colony sharing of knowledge and experience among amateur radio operators can be facilitated. Radio operators specialized in communication can create a stronger and more reliable backup communication network for the Mars colony by sharing their experiences with other radio operators. This will also be important for supporting the development of systems that can be created with limited resources on Mars.

Step 2: First Step: Let’s Begin with Pen and Paper!

Image-2. A paper and a pen enable your imagination to come to life.

First and foremost, remember this: dreaming is free, it shapes the mind, and these dreams play a key role in building the future. “If you can’t dream, you can’t exist in the future!”

Now, take your weekend coffee, relax, and imagine yourself on Mars, where rockets are ascending, satellites are settling into orbits, rovers are exploring the red soil, and the secrets of space’s depths are being unraveled.

In this context, many of the things that come to your mind are not just advanced scientific studies, innovative technologies, and bold discoveries, right?

However, I’m sure there are also scenarios and dreams among them. It’s time to write our own scenario. All we need is a piece of paper and a pen.

You might think that amateur radio operators won’t be of much use on Mars right now, but the reality is different. Have you ever thought about how crewed Mars missions and the subsequent colonization efforts could impact radio amateurs as we go beyond thoughts? Real excitement will start then, and entirely new horizons will open up for us.

Amateur radio operators have always offered practical solutions, pioneering and guiding many initiatives without expecting anything in return. The same will happen when Mars colonization begins. The first Mars amateurs will start slowly weaving communication networks in a new world by establishing infrastructure similar to Earth’s communication systems.

The unique and truly challenging conditions of the Mars planet will provide a driving force for the development of new technologies and the resolution of encountered problems. In other words, “The role of amateur radio operators on Mars will most likely be of vital importance!”

Especially the first passionate Mars amateur radio operators will play a crucial role in interplanetary communication, helping humanity transcend its boundaries. Mars colonization will be a turning point not only in science and engineering but also in communication and community building.

The future Mars amateurs, by building bridges between distant worlds, will enable a celestial dance of people and knowledge between the stars. Even today, there is a significant number of amateurs tracking distant space probes, maneuvering burns, or at least monitoring their signals.

The creative thoughts and skills of amateur radio operators will lay the foundation for new life on the red surface of Mars and create a driving locomotive force to solve many mysteries in the depths of the universe. The efforts of these heroes will form the essence of a “click” sound on Mars, a greeting sent to a distant star, or perhaps the communication essence between colonies of the future.

In conclusion, an organization like MARS-Amateur Radio Community (M-ARC) will not only facilitate the participation of amateur radio operators but will also be a significant part of humanity’s giant strides into space and the future.

Who knows? Perhaps the future Mars amateurs will continue sipping their coffees and gazing into space, and one day, they will leave their communication traces among the shining stars in the Martian sky.

Step 3: One More Sip of Coffee: Mars Awaits Us!

Image-3. Tea or coffee. The choice is yours. I’ve opted for tea.

Now, let’s take a brief look at our forenotes and timeline…

a. Hmmm! There’s no need to rush; humanity’s process of establishing a new world and colonization will likely take place between 2035-2045. We have plenty of time to prepare.

b. Phobos is getting closer to Mars every year, which raises the possibility of forming a ring around Mars after a collision or breakup 50 million years from now. This long timeframe provides us with a unique opportunity to shape our thoughts and inspire our grandchildren. We can already put our fascinating ideas on paper for our grandchildren.

c. Although it may not be visible yet, we can offer some ideas to our grandchildren and future generations to inspire them about Mars colonization. And we should offer them. As technology advances and the desire for exploration grows, the emergence of new ideas is inevitable. During this process, the foundation will be laid for an incredible space journey.

d. Starting to shape the future with a piece of paper and a pen will be exciting in itself. Using our imagination, we can draw new settlements on Mars and even predict what daily life might be like. Because we are free in this regard. Even creating science fiction stories will help our future astronauts understand what they might encounter on Mars.

e. With a cup of coffee in hand, gazing at the distant sky of Mars, we can be filled with new hopes. Expressing our own ideas to discover the mysteries of the universe is a powerful path. Our imagination carries not only our own future but also the endless discoveries of humanity.

f. When a future Mars amateur radio operator wonders when these efforts first began, a search engine will show them this page. How? Isn’t that exciting on its own? Will your name be on that page too?

g. Let’s take another sip of our coffee and unleash our imagination on that magical road where Mars awaits us!

Step 4: The Significance of Interplanetary Union: Interplanetary Amateur Radio Association (IARA)

Image-4. Justice, Law, and Order are Essential Everywhere. (Image Credit: Ekaterina Bolovtsova)

Now, let’s continue with the boring but necessary legal regulations… It would be overly optimistic to think that there won’t be an authority to regulate the use of band frequencies by amateurs and other organizations on Mars. In fact, Mars is unlikely to be very flexible when it comes to rules.

At this point, we realize the importance of interplanetary unity and coordination in ensuring effective communication and collaboration. The Interplanetary Amateur Radio Association (IARA), which will be a reflection of the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) structure on Mars, will emerge as a significant step in this context.

IARA will be an initiative that highlights the local impacts of interplanetary and international cooperation and will serve as a forum aimed at coordinating and enhancing amateur radio activities on Mars.

Among the fundamental goals of IARA will be to regulate amateur radio activities on Mars, promote information sharing, and foster solidarity among radio operators.

IARA will enable amateur radio operators on Mars to represent themselves at the Interplanetary Telecommunication Union (ITU), which will need to be established on both Earth and Mars. In a sense, it will be the universal voice of amateur radio operators.

IARA can also play a significant role in the journey of exploring Mars. Its future may enable Mars amateur radio operators to expand their collaborative abilities and achieve greater success in the field of Mars exploration, making them a cornerstone of future space communication.

05. Mars Amateur Radio Operators’ Call Signs

Image 5: Description of Mars NFC and/or RFID-enabled license document.

Colonists will likely be assigned a “Personnel ID” consisting of 10-15 digits, which may seem unappealing. However, it’s essential that we have a special call sign for ourselves. Mars amateur radio call signs (M-Callsigns) will be determined based on the rules and regulations established by the relevant authority, space laws, and regulations, much like the call sign allocation on Earth. Let’s explore some possibilities for how these call signs might be determined:

a. Colony, Area, and Zone Codes Instead of Country Codes

Amateur radio call signs on Earth often start with country or regional codes. However, for space colonies like Mars, a unique set of codes could be established, possibly including colony, area, and zone codes.

b. Descriptive Letters and Numbers

According to international radio regulations, call signs typically consist of a combination of descriptive letters and numbers. These characters can be chosen randomly or according to a specific pattern. Additional descriptive letters and numbers may also be required for Mars.

c. Use of Colony Name or Identifiers

For Mars colonies, the colony’s name could serve as a unique identifier. Perhaps, through mutual agreement, Earth-based operators may add an “E” (Earth) prefix to their call signs, while Martian operators could use an “M” (Mars) prefix. Amateur radio operators may play a role in interplanetary communication efforts between the two planets.

d. Compliance with Interplanetary and International Call Sign Rules

Call signs will first follow the standards and regulations set by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and then additional rules related to space law, space agency guidelines, etc., will come into play.

In summary, amateur radio call signs for Mars or other space colonies will be determined in accordance with international radio regulations and the specific characteristics of the colony. An appropriate call sign should reflect the colony’s identity and meet communication needs.

If I were to go to Mars, my call sign would probably look something like this:

• Mars – 2nd Sector – 4th Zone and 5th Colony from the IRU -> M2S45IRU,
• If I were to make a call to another colony, it might look like M2S45IRU/3S.

e. Validity of Interplanetary License Documents

Most likely, the first generation of settlers heading to Mars will require renewal and transfer documents. This procedure will likely be applicable to those traveling from Earth to Mars, but it may not be necessary for those returning from Mars to Earth.

Those who stay on Mars for an extended period or are born there will take a few years to acclimate to Earth’s pressure and gravity. When they return to Earth, they won’t be able to walk for an extended period, and they’ll feel like they’re being crushed under the weight. Their chest cavities will make breathing difficult.

To prevent their bones from breaking, they’ll be transported lying down in habitation units and spend significant time there. When they land on Earth, the weight they feel will be three times that of Mars. Most likely, those born on Mars may never be able to return to Earth, and Earth will only be a distant longing they can see in videos. In summary, it will take quite a while for a real Martian to hug a Earthling, as they’ll need significant time to adapt.

06. Mars HAM Field Day

Image-6: Representation of Field Day in the greenhouse with space suits.

Imagine… Far away from Earth, on the surface of Mars, there won’t be cheerful picnics, barbecues, the warmth of the sun on your face, or the taste of cool breezes like on Earth. Instead, astronauts in bulky spacesuits will be walking around…

It sounds like a nightmare, doesn’t it? Yes, that’s correct; things won’t be exactly as we expect, but we’re not in an unsolvable situation! So, how?

a. Field Day meetings will take place in colony habitat lounges.

b. Other activity events will be conducted as online conferences in virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) environments.

c. Large halls will be designed as common areas in each colony due to cost, pressure, and other technical factors; this will inevitably bring about space issues and high rental costs. It’s not hard to predict in advance that admission tickets will be quite high.

d. Even if you attend, for security reasons, it may not be possible to have barbecues in pressurized and partitioned areas to minimize the risk of fire.

e. You will have to settle for sandwiches with low temperature, artificial meat additives, and a mixture similar to coffee made with water that never quite boils.

In summary, such events on Mars may not be what we expect, but despite the challenges and limitations, we’ll surely find ways to enjoy our new life in space and ensure our safety, right?

07. Logbook and the Concept of Time

Image-7: An example of log programs.

a. A structure similar to local and UTC time will be used by colonies in distant regions that develop over time. An interplanetary clock system will be employed between Earth and Mars.

b. While communication issues are minimal among Mars amateur radio operators, e-QSL cards will completely replace QSL cards in Mars-Earth time-delayed communications, preserving nostalgia in this way.

c. Logbooks will continue to exist entirely through digital and automated log systems.

d. There’s no need to dwell on this matter. Every step and activity you take is already automatically logged.

08. QRP (Low Power) Operations

Image-8: An example of soldering work in contemporary times. (Image Credit: Blaz Erzetic)

This topic we love so much could be a bit frustrating there. Restrictions will stand out as the problem. For example:

a. If you think you can work comfortably on Mars just like in your workshop at home, you are mistaken. In the colonies, fire safety will be maintained at the highest level, so powerful heaters like soldering irons will never be allowed in your rooms due to pressurization and oxygen systems. If you attempt to do something secretly, sensors in your room and artificial intelligence will immediately report excessive power consumption to the relevant units, and maybe for this reason, some of your freedoms or capabilities will be restricted for a few Martian days (#SOL).

b. It might be possible to use workspaces in specially controlled, fire and smoke-secured shared rooms. Soldering components or assembly technologies that will not affect air purification and filter systems will have to be developed. (So, enjoy being an amateur radio operator on Earth and working freely in your room for now.)

c. Those working with QRP will mainly operate at night since the Mars Ionosphere will not be suitable for low-power daytime operations.

d. Considering electronic components and costs, we will have to produce QRP much more expensively than on Earth. Therefore, take note now of the landing and crash sites of old rovers and space probes that have failed or reached the end of their operational life on Mars. Even scrap material will be expensive.

e. While a classic order for your QRP from China arrives on Earth in 15-20 days today, if you need to place an order from Earth on Mars, it will only arrive when cargo-logistics ships reach the Earth-Mars vicinity once every 2 years. Probably, the QRP you make when orders arrive will become obsolete by then.

09. Mars VHF-UHF and Other Broadband Communication Networks

Image-9: Did I see two antennas there?

Will the handheld radios we use on Earth work on Mars? Yes, they will work as long as they are not directly exposed to the planet’s conditions such as low pressure, high UV radiation, and the abrasive rust-colored regolith dust, along with the high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

However, you won’t be able to use a radio you carry in your hand, on your belt, or in your pocket outside because you’ll already be wearing a spacesuit. Radios will only be usable inside habitats, and even then, in areas not affected by RF interference.

Most likely, you won’t be able to use them in communal areas and command system zones either. If you have a DMR radio, it can work similarly, but establishing network connections will take a while, so your HotSpots will remain in your bag for some time.

A VHF-UHF communication network designed to meet communication needs on the Martian surface will be effectively used among different stations, for rover-base communication, in local/regional relays, ground and airlock approaches, and also for satellite ground communications.

Anyway, this communication network is likely to emerge as a fundamental component for the success and, in a sense, the security of Mars colonization. So, how can this communication network be used?

a. Inter-Station Communication

It can be utilized to facilitate data and voice communication between different stations on the surface of Mars, supporting the coordination of exploration and research activities.

b. Rover and Base Communication

Communication between rovers and the main base will play a critical role in transmitting data collected by exploration vehicles, relaying instructions, and facilitating communication among team members.

c. Local/Regional Relays

Local and regional relays can extend surface data, voice, and video communication over a wider area. These relays make it possible for more stations to connect with each other by transmitting communication signals to a broader area.

d. Ground and Airlock Approaches

The official system will continue to play a critical role in communication during spacecraft approaches to ground and airlocks, supporting safe landings and take-offs. The communication network will ensure the safety of human and unmanned vehicles during landings and take-offs, allowing them to operate smoothly.

e. Satellite Ground Communications

Satellite communication in Mars orbit will facilitate data transmission between space and the surface and vice versa. This communication is essential for data collection, observation, and communication with Earth.

Curiosity and Perseverance rovers on the surface of Mars can currently communicate with their orbiters using a high-gain UHF band antenna directly (HGA). (For more detailed information on this topic, you can refer to our article titled “Can Mars Orbiters Intercept Rover Communications?” by clicking here.)

While serving as the backbone of communication on the Martian surface, the communication network can also be configured to meet the needs of exploration, research, and security.

Until optical and electro-optical communication infrastructure, along with underground fiber-optic communication, is fully established, this network will provide crucial technological infrastructure to support the sustainability and success of Mars colonization. (The article does not mention optical and electro-optical systems in communication, as they are directly affected by Mars dust and storms.)

10. Amateur Digital Mode Communication

Picture-10: Renewed digital systems may be suitable for digital models (Image Credit: Fox, Pexel.com)

11. Mars Automatic Packet Reporting System (M-APRS) Communication

Image-11: We will be looking at screens on Mars just like we do on Earth (Image Credit: Mikhail Nilov)

At first, there might be those who say, “Humanity has already established colonies on Mars, are we still talking about APRS?” Why not?

This is a transitional phase, and it has been previously expressed as a first step towards taking familiar technologies there and being able to create more advanced ones. When you go to Mars, does the definition of love change in your heart so that our enthusiasm and our hidden amateur loves that excited us in the past should also change?

A communication system like Mars-APRS (M-APRS), similar to the systems used by amateur radio operators on Earth but enhanced, can offer a different and modern approach. This system can be designed to provide more effective communication and location determination on the Martian surface. Especially in Mars orbit, various improvements can be anticipated to meet the location determination and communication requirements of the M-APRS system. For example:

a. Advanced Location Determination

Until large-budgeted satellite constellations that can cover all of Mars are launched, the M-APRS infrastructure can be operated using surface-based reference points similar to Differential Global Positioning System (D-GPS) on the Mars surface. This can support more accurate location determination in different regions of the planet.

b. Advanced Communication Infrastructure

M-APRS, with its communication network infrastructure, directional antennas, well-planned bandwidth, and reduced noise, can provide more reliable and faster communication.

c. Satellite Integration

While the completion of location determination satellites in Mars orbit is expected, the M-APRS system can work in integration with the existing satellite network. Supported by satellite data, M-APRS can create an efficient communication network covering the planet’s surface, offering broader coverage.

d. Reliable Emergency Communication

M-APRS can also be designed to provide effective communication during emergencies. It offers the ability to communicate instantly during emergencies in space or crises on the surface. (See heading no: 12, M-AREN)

e. This system will likely evolve more towards the LoRa-based systems we use today. With M-APRS, both everyday low-budget communication needs can be met, and with the support of the “M-AREN” system, which can integrate with satellites as described below, field workers can be ensured to stay safe during emergencies.

12. Mars Amateur Radio Emergency Network. (M-AREN)

Image-12: A single breath or a sip of water will be priceless on Mars, depending on the situation. (Image Credit: Mikhail Nilov)

“Why would there be a need for amateur radio systems on Mars when the most advanced communication systems are available?” That’s a good question, but it applies to Earth. Let’s answer this question with two more questions:

• How much can you trust the infrastructure of GSM systems that exist today and use the latest technology during major natural disasters like earthquakes?
• On a surface exposed to hundreds of micrometeorite impacts every day due to weak atmospheric protection, would it be the right choice to rely on a single central radio system of authority on Mars?

In the depths of space and on distant planets, emergencies stand out as crises that require coordination and complicate all kinds of activities and operations. Since Mars is a planet pushing the boundaries of exploration and colonization, amateur radio operators and their equipment here will, in a sense, be essential elements of emergency support efforts.

For example, addressing crises that may arise during human exploration missions, similar to those on Earth, will be among the important goals of the Mars Amateur Radio Emergency Broadband Network (M-AREN), integrated with other communication systems.

M-AREN can take on the role of a communication network aimed at effectively managing emergencies that may occur on Mars. This network can provide the means for communication to be sustained and rapid action to be taken even under challenging surface conditions, contributing to the safety of individuals.

Discussing the primary objectives of M-AREN, with network administrators being operators, we can highlight the following:

a. Rapid Communication and Coordination

Emergencies can arise suddenly and require swift responses. When it comes to the human factor, it’s almost a race against time. For instance, facing an emergency on Earth, you can survive without food and water for a few days, but oxygen is vital on Mars. M-AREN, through amateur radio operators, can provide rapid communication and coordination support, aiding effective crisis response.

b. Emergency Assistance and Support

M-AREN can offer a fast, reliable, and alternative communication channel for situations such as medical emergencies, hazardous weather conditions, equipment failures, and more. Given the distances and potential hazards faced by colonies on the planet or human exploration vehicles, such support will be of paramount importance.

c. Data Transfer and Information Sharing

M-AREN can facilitate the effective sharing of data and information gathered during emergencies. This enhances the decision-making capabilities of search and rescue teams and simplifies crisis management.

d. Drills, Training, and Preparedness

M-AREN will encourage recurring drills, training, and information sharing to ensure that amateur radio operators on Mars are prepared for emergencies. This will enable teams to act with strength and awareness in response to emergencies.

13. Mars Mors (CW) Communication

Image-13: A snippet from the Mors communication example during the MoEP Virtual Mars Mission BURAK-1. (Image Credit: MoEP)

“Using this old technology that started with the first Morse message in 1844 on Mars in 2040-2050!” It’s not hard to imagine that you might secretly chuckle at this idea. However, why not? Even today, many systems used on old spacecraft or modern cube and pocket satellites operate at lower speeds with processors and memory less powerful than our smartphones, don’t they?

In my opinion, Morse code will never become obsolete and will continue to be used as a means of communication as long as humanity exists. Of course, we will use it on Mars, perhaps continuing to be used in VOR systems or as a general beacon.

Moreover, as I mentioned earlier, due to the limited resources of amateurs, everything must have economic, simple, repairable, and, most importantly, reliable features.

Morse code does not necessarily have to be the primary means of communication compared to faster systems, but it will continue to be a communication technology that remains throughout human history due to the following features. Let’s explore what these features could be:

a. Reliability and Simplicity

The Morse alphabet provides reliable communication even at low speeds. Its simplicity and use of a small number of symbols minimize transmission errors.

b. Long-Distance Communication

On a distant planet like Mars, high-speed data transmission may be challenging. Morse code requires low bandwidth and can maintain communication even over long distances.

c. Low Power Consumption

Morse communication consumes less power compared to other partial digital communication methods. This is a significant advantage in an environment like Mars where energy resources are limited.

d. Emergency Communication

Low-speed Morse communication provides fast and effective communication in emergencies. Messages can be transmitted and received with a simple open-close key or a manipulator.

e. Cultural and Historical Value

The Morse alphabet has a long history and is culturally and historically valuable. It connects to the past of human communication.

f. Education and Skill Development

Dealing with Morse communication in Martian colonies can be beneficial for colonist education and skill development.

g. Data Transfer and Messaging

Low-speed Morse communication is sufficient for basic data transfer and messaging. It can provide essential communication, especially on long-term exploration missions or between surface stations.

In addition to all this, in an emergency where electronic and RF systems may be damaged, you can have the freedom to communicate by simply hitting a metal rod against walls or ventilation pipes to contact colonists on nearby or upper floors.

14. Mars-Earth Amateur Radio Communication

Image-14: Communication between astronauts at the Mars remote station Alpha-1 and Mars main center and Earth during the MoEP Virtual Mars Mission BURAK-1. (Image Credit: MoEP)

a. Both those going from Earth to Mars and those born on Mars will never stop longing for Earth. Even digital screens showing our blue planet on the walls and Earth music playing in the background won’t provide solace. Earth will always remain our first love in our hearts. Nevertheless, why not at least attempt Earth communication via RF?

• CQ…CQ..CQ… This is M2S45IRU, QTH Mars!
• ……… (response, only cosmic interference!)

b. Today, even with communication conducted at the speed of light through electromagnetic waves, real-time phone calls between Mars and Earth won’t be possible due to time delays caused by the speed of light. If you want to talk to someone on Earth, just saying “hello, how are you?” and receiving a response will take over an hour.

Therefore, one-way video messages will be used more frequently. However, communicating with the “Mars Video Mail” system, which can carry large video files, may also come with limitations or restricted usage due to the increasing population.

c. Digital communication and systems similar to VoIP seem to be more widely used on Mars. However, even with today’s technology, methods like D-STAR, WIRES™, WIRES-X, APRS, DMR, or FT-8 stand out as simpler and more practical communication tools.

d. Direct communication between Mars and Earth will be possible through orbiting satellites that support Mars missions and future ones to be launched. Considering the colony’s population, a more critical issue than bandwidth limitations or limited usage might be the possibility of interference or monitoring of communication by the Mars planetary authority or Earth authority during a potential Earth-Mars crisis. Yes, this is a serious issue. Could such a situation stop the colonists or amateur radio operators on Mars or Earth? We all know the answer. Never!

e. So, what about HF radio communication? Persisting in heating the sky and the colony with kilowatts of power just to have free HF/SSB communication with Earth doesn’t make sense. It doesn’t seem logical to both expend that much energy and heat up the sky and the environment.

Moreover, in such communication attempts, you’ll face the challenges of initially overcoming the atmospheric transition and galactic radiation. Even if you manage to pass Mars’ atmosphere, your signal will dissipate, and the likelihood of reaching Earth via amateur systems will be weak, and even if it does, it will be absorbed by Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere. Infeasible! For HF, you’ll have to continue your QSO with amateur radio operators in other Mars colonies during the day using ground waves and at night with ionospheric reflection.

f. The real challenge is the rotation times of Earth and Mars around their own axes. This will be one of the biggest issues that directly limits the communication time window. Gigantic antennas in different regions of Earth and an equally massive communication network are used to be able to track spacecraft and Mars satellites from Earth.

This ensures uninterrupted communication during Earth’s rotation. The same will be required on the Mars side. For more information on this topic, you can refer to our previously published article titled “Deep Space Network (DSN): Mars Communication” by clicking here.

15. Look Up: What Do You See?

Image-15: Earth and Moon size comparison.

Image-16: Phobos and Mars. Isn’t it an incredible view? (Image Credit: By Andrea Luck – Phobos over Mars – ESA Mars Express)

Or, on the other hand, imagine being on one of these two moons, for instance, Phobos, which is closer to Mars. When you gaze up at the sky, you’d see Mars resembling a colossal planet, appearing so close that you could almost touch it, just as depicted in the picture. It would truly be an exhilarating moment, wouldn’t it?

On the flip side, there are numerous advantages of Phobos and Deimos for these observation studies. Firstly, the majestic appearance of Mars in the sky when you lift your head would offer amateur astronomers observing these celestial bodies a magnificent spectacle. The silhouette of the colossal red planet would provide observers with a unique visual experience.

Optical observations? Okay, okay, I was just kidding. We, as radio amateurs, have other plans we’re much more interested in than this visual feast. A little patience…

Image-17: Size comparison of Phobos and Deimos over the Marmara Sea.

Indeed, the structure of Phobos and Deimos is quite fascinating. Scientists believe that these two moons are primarily composed of ice and carbon compounds. These components are crucial for gaining a better understanding of planets and satellites and for deciphering the chemical compositions in space.

Amateur astronomers can contribute to intriguing studies aimed at unraveling the mysteries of these two moons and gaining insights into our neighboring planet, Mars.

In conclusion, Phobos and Deimos stand as two captivating celestial bodies that await exploration by amateur radio operators in the Mars colony. They offer exciting opportunities for discovery and research.

16. Phobos and Deimos: Scientific and Amateur Utilization of Low-Orbit Transits

Image-18: Deimos communication network in the MoEP Virtual Mars Mission BURAK-I scenario. (Image Credit: MoEP)

a. Phobos orbits Mars three times a day, while Deimos orbits once every 30 hours. These transits can be utilized as if the moon were a human-made Low Mars Orbit (LMO) satellite. These operations can be used for systems such as IoT, message transmission, and telemetry data transfer.

b. Both moons can serve as remote data terminals, acting as digital backup repositories for Mars colonies. During each transit, high-speed data can be transferred between servers.

c. Messages and data sent to these moon-based systems can be stored in memory and shared with relevant ground stations during transits from different regions of Mars, serving the purpose of message transport.

d. The practical use of Phobos and Deimos in low orbit transits will also provide a significant advantage for Mars exploration missions. The low gravity and proximity of these natural satellites can offer strategic locations or drone ports for unmanned exploration vehicles and space probes to gather data or reposition.

e. The low orbit transits of satellites in the Mars orbit can also provide a valuable opportunity to monitor the effects of space weather events such as solar storms. Space weather events can pose a significant threat to human exploration vehicles and unprotected astronauts on Mars, and these transits can be used to understand and preemptively address the impacts of space weather events using deployed sensors.

f. To effectively utilize the low orbit transits of Phobos and Deimos for the shared benefits mentioned in the previous items, it is essential to establish the necessary infrastructure and create appropriate ground stations to monitor and control these moon transits fully. This can be achieved by promoting collaboration between space agencies, research institutions, and amateur radio operators, unlocking the full potential of these natural satellites.

17. Mars, Phobos, and Deimos Communication Relays: The Future of Amateur Radio Communication in Space

Image-19: Phobos on the left and Deimos on the right. (Image Credit: NASA/JPL)

The discovery of Mars and humanity’s efforts to colonize space are witnessing a historic era today. However, the success of these great strides depends on an effective and reliable communication infrastructure. The resilience of the connection between people and technology forms the foundation of exploration and research in space.

Therefore, the establishment of amateur radio communication relays on celestial bodies such as Mars, Phobos, and Deimos is a critical step for the future of space communication.

Phobos and Deimos, loyal companions of Mars, rotate in space, and their strategic positions can easily support the future communication infrastructure. Thus, amateur radio communication relays can facilitate communication from the surface of Mars to space or to Earth.

Especially in remote research bases and for human-less robotic probes without a line of sight with the Martian surface, communication in these areas can be made possible through these relays. This will eliminate dead zones and cover a large area of Mars. To summarize all these points:

a. Communication Support

Amateur radio relays allow colonists and team members in space missions to stay in constant communication with the main command center. Instant data exchange, video calls, and other communications can be conducted through relays. This allows team members to continue their daily lives in communication with the command control center and receive support in emergencies.

b. Eliminating Dead Zones

Some areas on the Martian surface may be challenging for communication due to high rocks, topographical terrain faults, crater interiors, and other obstacles. These “dead zones” are areas where communication is interrupted, and strong signals cannot be received.

By placing relays in high-altitude areas or challenging terrains, local operations can enhance their satellite access and terrestrial communications. Relays can thus evolve into a “radio-satellite” complementary structure, a different version of the “wireless-telegraphy relay” system used on Earth.

c. Emergency Communication Support

Emergency situations can always arise during space exploration missions or the process of colonizing Mars. Amateur radio communication relays, including the previously mentioned wideband M-AREN system, can provide communication support for emergencies. Emergency calls for help or important information transfer between team members or missions can be rapidly achieved through relays. This serves as a life-saving function during critical moments.

d. Data Collection for Research and Exploration

Due to their positions in various locations, amateur radio relays can also be used to collect local information about the Martian surface and its surroundings. Data obtained through relays can provide valuable insights into the planet’s geology, climate, atmosphere, and other scientific aspects (similar to the local weather sensor data we currently add to APRS systems).

e. Education and Inspiration through Amateur Radio Relays

The communication systems provided by Phobos and Deimos will play a significant role in education and inspiration. Communication and data exchange with Mars colonies can serve as a valuable learning resource for educational institutions and citizens in the colony.

Young generations can find inspiration in space and communication technology while maintaining high enthusiasm for future space exploration and colonization, which may encourage participation in amateur radio. Furthermore, whether or not all colonists become amateur radio operators, they will likely need to receive basic communication training.

f. Social Bonds and Moral Contribution

Considering the isolation and challenges of living in space, communication via amateur radio can strengthen social bonds among colonists. Teams located in remote and temporary bases or engaged in space mining on these celestial bodies can find morale by regularly communicating with their families and friends. This is crucial for maintaining the psychological well-being of team members and increasing solidarity within the colony.

g. Technological Development and Innovation

The successful establishment and operation of amateur radio relays will encourage technological development and innovation. The need to develop robust and durable communication systems adaptable to the challenges of space will lead to the emergence of new technologies.

The issue is that we will need to wait for some time for these two satellites. The first to go will not be amateur radio operators but space miners. The information regarding the formation of Phobos and Deimos is not yet certain.

It is possible that both of them, instead of being natural satellites, were captured by Mars from asteroids. In a sense, they are the “stepchildren of Mars.” When viewed from the perspective of asteroids, it is highly probable that they contain more minerals than a natural satellite.”

I hope this helps! If you have any more text to translate or if you have any other questions, feel free to ask.

18. Mars-Phobos-Mars (MPM) ve Mars-Deimos-Mars (MDM) Echo Communication

In the 15th section, as shown in Figure 17, I indicated the areas covered by Mars’ satellites Phobos (within the yellow circle) and Deimos (within the green circle) over the Marmara Sea of Türkiye to help you visualize their sizes.

Image-20: Communication between MPM and MDM in the MoEP Virtual Mars Mission BURAK-I scenario. (Image Credit: MoEP)

“It is possible to establish communication between the colonies on the surface of Mars and Phobos and Deimos using Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) signal reflection and communication methods, similar to those used for the Moon. However, it will require slightly faster adjustments of rotor tracking systems compared to the Moon.

The thin atmosphere of Mars and the scarcity of water molecules and humidity in the air will allow for effective communication even with lower power and smaller antennas. In this way, Mars can provide valuable insights into how communication channels between Phobos, Deimos, and other celestial bodies’ surfaces can be established.

Everything seems to be going well so far. However, this endeavor may not go exactly as planned, most likely. This is because it is somewhat challenging to determine the extent to which the composition and surface layer of Phobos will affect reflection without knowing them precisely, how much the signal will be absorbed or reflected.

Especially the possibility of the massive craters on the surface of Phobos leaving a soft dust layer when they remain on the satellite’s surface is within the realm of possibilities. It is still worth trying with high power. The crater resembling a concave mirror, Stickney crater, on this satellite is truly intriguing, even though it does not face the surface of Mars, unfortunately.”

19. Artificial Satellites on Mars: Monitoring, Observation, and IoT Studies

Image-21: The “Istanbul” satellite of Hello Space, symbolically against the backdrop of the planet Mars. (Image Credit: Background photo NASA)”

In the image above, you can see the “Istanbul” satellite in the form of a “Pocketqube,” which was signed as part of a goodwill protocol with MoEP by Hello Space at the end of 2022. The satellite was launched into space with SpaceX’s Transporter-8 mission. Hello Space, the manufacturer of the satellite, is also the world’s first data service provider offering IoT data services via the LoRaWAN network using this satellite swarm’s initial version.

For those who may not know, as part of the goodwill protocol, Ankara University established the “Hello Space, Mars on Earth Project (MoEP), A. Tahir Dengiz, TA2T (SK) Satellite Observation and Radio Astronomy Station” at the Kreiken Observatory. You can review it here by clicking on this link. Let’s continue…

a. In Mars’ orbit, we have the opportunity to observe a sky that has not yet been polluted by satellites and space debris, unlike Earth. This presents a significant advantage for astronomers and space researchers. In Mars’ orbit, it may be possible to make clearer and sharper observations under a clean sky, which could allow for better examination of other objects in space. This also means unparalleled RF silence for amateur satellite communications.

b. Unlike Earth, there will be less human-made radio frequency (RF) pollution in Mars’ orbit. This can be considered a significant step in enabling more reliable and clear satellite communications. Having a less noisy environment for satellite communication and data transfer can ensure that data is transmitted more accurately and comprehensively.

c. Similar to the developments in cube and pocket satellites based on the Internet of Things (IoT) on Earth, over time, we can expect an increase in the number of location determination, communication, and IoT satellites in Mars’ orbit. These satellites can be used to create a network encircling the planet, allowing for monitoring of surface activities, data collection, and strengthening of communication. This can enable more effective management, monitoring, and communication for Mars colonization. Given the limited resource use and challenges on Mars, it is likely that these satellites will initially be small in size.

In summary, monitoring, observing, and IoT studies of Mars orbit satellites will contribute to a better understanding of the planet and the establishment of a sustainable space presence. It will also provide us with new opportunities for technological innovation and exploration. I’m sure that many amateurs will be involved in these studies, and in the future, amateur Mars satellites will also begin orbiting the planet.

20. Mars Meteor-Scatter 

Image-22: Mars has a multitude of meteor craters of various sizes, making it quite eerie.

When we look at the thousands of small and large meteors covering the surface of Mars, it’s easy to notice that the activity is high. This is also daunting because Mars’ thin atmosphere is far from being as protective as Earth’s.

a. Nevertheless, capturing meteor echoes with amateur equipment can be an exciting way to unravel the mysteries of space. Especially, reflection studies related to meteors entering Mars’ atmosphere could open the door to new discoveries in this field.

b. Reflection communication and observation studies with meteors entering Mars’ atmosphere are not only for scientific purposes but can also provide an enjoyable experience.

c. However, the low density of Mars’ atmosphere will lead to differences compared to Earth in terms of the ionized layer and the duration of combustion created around meteors as they burn, and indirectly, in the communication window.

d. Although the entry speeds into the atmosphere are similar to those of meteors entering the solar system, the thin atmosphere doesn’t seem to provide the same air resistance during combustion as on Earth. This adds a unique and intriguing aspect to meteor reflection communication studies.

e. However, considering that we won’t be in a protected environment outside of Mars colony buildings, it will also be essential to take meteorite risk into account. Selecting a suitable working environment and strictly adhering to safety rules will be necessary to minimize the potential effects of meteorites.

21. Atmospheric Studies and Space Research

Image-23: A view from the vast and silent valleys to the Mars atmosphere. (Image Credit: Google Earth, Mars)

22. Very Low Frequencies (VLF) ve Extra Low Frequencies (ELF)

Image-24: A section demonstrating the Doppler effect in the signal. (Image Credit: MoEP)

Perhaps VLF or ELF receivers that can be produced at much lower costs and more easily compared to other amateur and advanced systems will also maintain their excitement, just like on Earth.

The absorption characteristics of the Mars Ionosphere layer sensitive to electromagnetic and magnetic fields, ion and electron density, and the behaviors of the D, E, F1, and F2 layers are different from Earth. It’s possible for amateur radio operators to conduct various studies in these frequency ranges related to the planet’s magnetic field, atmosphere, and environmental effects.

a. Magnetic Field Investigations

The properties and variations of the magnetic field on the surface of Mars can be studied in the VLF and ELF frequency ranges. These studies can help us understand the structure of the planet’s magnetosphere and provide clues about how the magnetic field was formed and subsequently disappeared.

b. Monitoring Ionospheric Behaviors

Mars’ thin atmosphere and Ionospheric behaviors will affect the propagation of signals. Studies conducted in these frequency ranges can help us understand the characteristics of the Ionosphere and provide information about how the planet’s upper atmosphere is affected. This layer is directly related to solar winds and can provide insights into its past and future impact.

c. Solar Winds and Atmosphere Interaction

Like Earth, the layers of Mars’ atmosphere interact with solar winds. These interactions can similarly alter the properties of VLF and ELF signals.

d. Surface Magnetic Field Mapping

Mapping the magnetic field on the surface of Mars using VLF and ELF signals is also possible. These maps will be crucial for understanding how the magnetic field changes in different regions and for gaining a better understanding of the planet’s magnetic structure.

e. Monitoring Surface Events

You may recall that the stationary NASA InSight lander on the surface of Mars detected a magnitude 4.7 earthquake that affected the entire planet and lasted for more than six hours in May 2022. VLF and ELF signals can help monitor various events on the surface. Just as on Earth, the space environment, atmosphere, land, and oceans interact directly or indirectly.

Localized magnetic fields, the weak atmosphere’s effect, different ionospheric behaviors, and solar winds seem to open new horizons on Software Defined Radio (SDR) screens where VLF and ELF devices will be connected. I’m sure these studies will maintain their mystery and excitement, just as on Earth, although there won’t be any submarines since there are no seas on Mars!

23. Amateur Radio Astronomy Studies

Image-25: The impact of the movie “Contact” will continue to follow us on Mars as well!

Amateur radio astronomy endeavors actually hold great potential for examining the Martian sky from a different perspective and obtaining new data about space. Let’s explore what can be done in this regard on Mars.

a. IO Moon Radio Emissions

The favorite of amateur radio astronomy enthusiasts, Jupiter, and its moon IO will also maintain their importance on Mars. Due to Mars being closer to Jupiter compared to Earth, the natural radio emissions of Jupiter’s moon IO can be studied more sensitively and cleanly.

These emissions can provide new and valuable information about IO’s magnetic field and interior. Especially in areas far from unwanted RF interference (RFI), autonomous observation stations, and dipole antennas can be set up in colonies.

Dipole antennas, like those used on Earth, can be used because wire-type antennas will be less affected by Mars dust accumulation over time compared to other antennas. Nevertheless, they will need cleaning at specific intervals.

b. Jupiter’s Storms

We know that Jupiter’s powerful storms leave strong traces in radio emissions in our solar system. Mars’ position may allow you to detect the radio waves of these storms more clearly. These studies can also be used to better understand Jupiter’s atmospheric and magnetic activities.

c. Solar and Galactic Radio Emissions

Natural radio emissions from the Sun and distant galaxies can be observed more effectively in quiet areas far from the colonies. Mars’ weak atmosphere can facilitate the passage of solar radio emissions to observation tools on the Martian surface with minimal interference.

d. Studying Radio Celestial Objects

Mars’ low atmospheric noise levels can enable the more sensitive study of radio waves from different celestial objects in space. Signals from distant galaxies or nearby pulsars can be examined in this context.

e. Many of the craters existing on the surface of Mars can be used as radio observation dishes similar to Arecibo and FAST, provided they are suitable. Furthermore, this silence makes it a perfect region for searching for signals from intelligent life forms in space.

24. Amateur Rover Studies

Image-26: The humble but proud amateur rover on the Martian surface, equipped with a few sensors and cameras.

An amateur’s rover doesn’t necessarily have to be a million-dollar vehicle. Simpler, more modest, and smaller… Perhaps the focus could be on maintaining amateur radio systems, changing battery systems, dealing with pressurized air, dust cleaning, and upkeep, rather than carrying scientific payloads.

One of the most enjoyable aspects might be sending your homemade Mars rovers outside the colony for these experiments. While most of the hardware can be produced using 3D printers, the general challenge of finding materials can be tackled more effectively through group efforts.

25. Problems…Problems…

Image-27: If there’s a problem in the middle, there’s a solution waiting somewhere!

Have the problems mentioned in the previous sections been resolved for amateur radio activities on Mars? Of course not. Mars, with all its aspects, from its atmosphere to its soil, is a hostile but deserving planet that should be respected. The Red Planet, true to its mythological name, will almost wage a battle with you.

a. For an amateur radio enthusiast, one of the most important things is undoubtedly the antenna equipment. While this might not pose too many problems on Earth, it won’t be so easy on Mars.

b. The low atmospheric pressure, strong winds, and dust storms in the external environment, the necessity of wearing space suits, and the movement limitations that come with these suits will create significant challenges for antenna installation and repairs.

c. Repairs that could be done in the time it takes for a coffee break on Earth will take at least 3-4 hours when you have to put on and take off a spacesuit. (By the way, I’d like to remind you that you won’t be able to go to the restroom and will have to attend to all your needs while wearing the space suit.)

d. Especially those with flat and wide areas or dish antennas will be constantly covered with Mars dust.

e. Rust, which is a component of the regolith structure and consists of iron oxide, will cause SWR disruptions in many antenna systems due to accumulation, as well as power losses in connectors and additional connections.

f. Similarly, unprotected antenna cables and power transmission lines will deteriorate more quickly due to high UV radiation and oxidation in the atmosphere, even though the oxygen level is very low. The extremely low temperature and iron oxide component dust will contribute to this deterioration.

g. Outer structures of antennas will have to be made from more durable materials.

h. Antenna systems and solar panels will continuously face problems due to micro-meteorite damage.

i. The functioning of active antenna systems, which rely on Earth’s electrical and magnetic fields, in the different electrical and magnetic field conditions of Mars, where these effects are localized, remains a question mark for now. We will experience this issue when we get there.”

26. So, Is There Nothing Good About There?

Image-28: “If there’s nothing good here, I’m going back to Earth…” (Image Credit: Pixabay)

Hold on, don’t go anywhere… There must be a silver lining to all this difficulty, right? Of course, there is. For example:

a. The waterfall on your SDR screen will look cleaner compared to Earth because there’s less local RF pollution.

b. There won’t be any birds perching on your antennas, so no bird droppings to deal with.

c. You might have to clean dust off your antennas, but you won’t have to deal with snow removal.

d. Your weight will appear 1/3 less than on Earth. (Unless an AI algorithm whispers your actual weight to you.)

e. When climbing antenna towers, you’ll feel less weight.

f. Due to extreme cold during winter months, your antennas will naturally cool during high-power transmission.

g. Since there’s no rain or water outside, you won’t have such problems. No need for waterproofing.

h. You won’t need transparent nail polish to coat your outdoor electronic systems.

i. You won’t have the problem of “It’s too hot,” and you won’t be searching for a refrigerator or air conditioning.

j. Your spouse will be happy because you’ll be staying in the habitat all the time. In summary, you won’t be escaping somewhere every weekend.

k. You’ll consume controlled foods and exercise compulsorily, so you’ll feel fewer ailments like diabetes and high blood pressure.

l. You’ll have a dual-world passport and a universal interplanetary amateur radio license.

m. The content of the amateur radio license exams will change from start to finish because they’ll be based on Earth standards.

27. We’ve Started to Dream!

At MoEP, we are working for the future. One of our goals is to combine amateur radio activities with space and amateur Mars research.

In the video below, you can see a great example of how real amateur radio systems are used/can be used during the first MoEP Virtual Mars Mission BURAK-1. You can also click here to read about how the mission was conducted.

In this study;

• Supporting amateur radio operators participated from different countries and cities, and the crew members also joined from different cities.
• The virtual mission was conducted using the real satellite Es’hail 2/QO-100, and our stations undertook different tasks.
• This allowed the use of the real QO-100 satellite located in a 36,000 km GEO orbit for sending messages from Earth to Mars and from Mars to Earth. In other activities, meteorological satellite data was transmitted to the crew in SSTV modulation, and maps and meteorological data created with mobile applications were decoded by the crew.

28. Join the Mars Excitement as an Amateur Radio Operator!

Image-29: Signals on the waterfall display of the SDR…

Today, although in limited numbers, some amateur radio operators can track the communication and maneuver signals of probes heading to Mars. In the future, as more spacecraft are launched to Mars, it will bring even more excitement.

Let’s initiate the future Mars amateur radio community together.

Are you ready for it?

With 70,000 characters, 10,000 words, 29 images, and 41 pages under the 29 main headings, I hope you have found this article interesting since you have read it all the way here with great patience. Please share your thoughts on the MARS-Amateur Radio Community (M-ARC) and the topics mentioned in the comments.